The art of Ebru
The art of Ebru, known as paper marbling and ornamentation, has an ancient history. Even today, there are gaps in our knowledge regarding its origins. When examining written sources on Ebru art, it is observed that accurate and definitive information remains elusive. According to various sources, Ebru first emerged in the 8th and 9th centuries in Central Asia, particularly in cities like Samarkand and Bukhara, in the region of Turkestan. Initially known as "Ebri," this art form spread to Anatolia and eventually Istanbul through the Silk Road trade, further disseminating worldwide via trade ships.
Recent research, notably by A. Erdogan Vata, highlights a significant find that could shed light on the history of Ebru art. It is noted that during excavations near Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan, in 1902, felt cloth adorned with Ebru patterns dating potentially as far back as 500 BCE was discovered. This artifact is housed in the State Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, suggesting Ebru art's ancient roots as a distinctly Turkish art form with unique production methods and materials.
The word "Ebru" is derived from the Central Asian languages, originally referring to variegated silk fabrics used to cover sacred and other important books. Ebru art, traditionally learned through master-apprentice methods, is the oldest paper marbling and ornamentation art form. To define Ebru art in general terms: it involves thickening water using substances like tragacanth, carrageenan, salep, guar gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. Pigments and other colors are then sprinkled onto this viscous water mixed with ox bile, and patterns are created using handmade brushes made from rose branch or horsehair. Needles are then used to manipulate the floating colors on the water's surface to form designs, which are subsequently transferred onto absorbent paper laid over the water, creating decorated paper—a venerable Turkish paper decoration art.
Ebru art's history reveals its role in assisting calligraphy, used to adorn historical manuscripts. Particularly, early examples of Ebru are found in the bindings, margins, and calligraphic borders of manuscripts. However, dating these ancient Ebrus is challenging due to wear over time and potential repairs to book bindings. Consequently, determining the creation date of Ebrus based solely on the date of the manuscript is not scientifically feasible. Modern Ebru artists now often inscribe their works with names, dates, and signatures to prevent future ambiguities.
The relationship between Ebru art and calligraphy is longstanding, with Ebru often used to enhance calligraphic pieces, such as border decorations (Battal Ebru, Bülbülyuvası, Taraklı Ebru, etc.) and kıt’a writings. The history of Ebru remains a subject of research and written sources are scarce, thus new discoveries could lead to further changes in understanding. The question of where and how the first Ebru was made remains a major curiosity about its early periods.
Ebru art has been referred to by various names in different languages over historical periods, illustrating its widespread influence and adaptation. It has transcended its traditional role in book decoration to become a universally recognized art form, enjoying significant attention in major art galleries and museums worldwide after being designated a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.
The future of Ebru art depends on maintaining its traditional techniques while embracing innovative approaches to ensure its evolution and adaptation in contemporary art environments. Scientific and technical research supports the development of Ebru art in terms of both technique and aesthetics, fostering its recognition as a universal art form.
In conclusion, Turkish Ebru art, rooted in ancient traditions and utilizing natural materials and colors, is a vibrant art form that continues to thrive. With ongoing scientific research and innovative approaches, Ebru art is increasingly appreciated as a unique art form with superior aesthetic qualities, fostering cultural communication and creativity, promoting mental relaxation and emotional well-being, and ensuring its enduring legacy for future generations.
